However, with its sharp wit and insightful portrayal of the human condition, the novel has since inspired many later authors and artists to mimic and adapt it. Immediately after its secretive publication, the book was widely banned because it contained religious blasphemy, political sedition, and intellectual hostility hidden under a thin veil of naivety. Ĭandide has enjoyed both great success and great scandal. Through Candide, he assaults Leibniz and his optimism. Voltaire ridicules religion, theologians, governments, armies, philosophies, and philosophers. As philosophers of Voltaire's day contended with the problem of evil, so does Candide in this short theological novel, albeit more directly and humorously.
Still, the events discussed are often based on historical happenings, such as the Seven Years' War and the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. A picaresque novel with a story similar to that of a more serious coming-of-age narrative ( Bildungsroman), it parodies many adventure and romance clichés, the struggles of which are caricatured in a tone that is bitter and matter-of-fact. Voltaire concludes Candide with, if not rejecting Leibnizian optimism outright, advocating a deeply practical precept, "we must cultivate our garden", in lieu of the Leibnizian mantra of Pangloss, "all is for the best" in the " best of all possible worlds".Ĭandide is characterized by its tone as well as by its erratic, fantastical, and fast-moving plot. The work describes the abrupt cessation of this lifestyle, followed by Candide's slow and painful disillusionment as he witnesses and experiences great hardships in the world. It begins with a young man, Candide, who is living a sheltered life in an Edenic paradise and being indoctrinated with Leibnizian optimism by his mentor, Professor Pangloss.
The novella has been widely translated, with English versions titled Candide: or, All for the Best (1759) Candide: or, The Optimist (1762) and Candide: Optimism (1947).
Candide, ou l'Optimisme ( / k ɒ n ˈ d iː d/ kon- DEED, French: ( listen)) is a French satire written by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment, first published in 1759.
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